Unfortunately there's no way of telling whether this feature is included on your computer without recording test audio and giving it a listen. They automatically detect the device that's been plugged in and adjust internal audio settings accordingly. Many computers combine line IN and microphone IN into a single port. They vary in price depending on the build and audio output quality.
Modern amps vary, except for high-end models which usually include Phono IN. These are standard on units that pre-date CD and fairly common on older units built after CD became the standard format. This is a special port designed for turntables with an inbuilt preamp.
This will connect your amp/receiver (stereo end) to your PC or Mac (3.5mm end).